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Panama Pacific Line was a subsidiary of International Mercantile Marine (IMM) established to carry passengers and freight between the US East and West Coasts via the Panama Canal. Although IMM had begun preparations for this intercoastal service as far back as 1911, service began in May 1915 with the former Red Star Line (another IMM subsidiary line) ships and .〔 When landslides in September 1915 closed the canal for an extended time, ''Kroonland'' and ''Finland'' were reassigned to the IMM's American Line. The outbreak of World War I and its strain on international shipping caused the intercoastal service to be suspended. In 1923 ''Kroonland'' and ''Finland'' were returned to the reinstated intercoastal route along with the American Line passenger steamer . ''Manchuria''s sister ship supplanted ''Kroonland'' on the route in 1925. Three ships with steam turbo generators and turbo-electric transmission — , ''Virginia'' and ''Pennsylvania'' — came into service in 1928–29, replacing all the other ships on the intercoastal service. These three newest ships included a drive-on service for passengers' automobiles, which allowed passengers to disembark with their cars at ports of call, such as Havana, a stop added in the early 1930s. In 1936 ''California'', docked at San Pedro, California, was the setting for the SS ''California'' strike, which contributed to the demise of the International Seamen's Union and the creation of the National Maritime Union. In June 1937 the United States Congress withdrew all maritime mail subsidies, which by then included a total of $450,000 ''per'' year to Panama Pacific for its three liners. At the beginning of March 1938 the Panama Canal tolls were revised, increasing Panama Pacific's costs by $37,000 ''per'' year.〔 As a result of these cost increases and continuing labor difficulties, Panama Pacific ended its New York – California service and took all three liners out of service.〔 ''California'' was the last to leave service, joining ''Pennsylvania'' and ''Virginia'' in New York at the beginning of May 1938.〔 The United States Maritime Commission took over the three liners and transferred them to Moore-McCormack Lines to start a New York — River Plate service under Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy. ==Ships of the Panama Pacific Line== * * * * * * SS ''Pennsylvania'' * SS ''Virginia'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Panama Pacific Line」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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